This project investigates electricity consumption and renewable energy generation patterns in Germany using hourly time-series data. We explore how solar and wind energy production, electricity demand, and temperature vary across time and geography.
By integrating energy data from ENTSO-E and weather data from the German Meteorological Service (DWD), we conduct visual and statistical analyses to understand:
Temporal and seasonal patterns in renewable production and demand
Forecast accuracy of electricity loads
Relationship between temperature and consumption behavior
We used the following R packages throughout the project for data wrangling, visualization, and geospatial mapping:
library(tidyverse)
library(lubridate)
library(slider)
library(forcats)
library(rnaturalearth)
library(sf)
library(plotly)
library(viridisLite)
library(viridis)These packages enabled robust preprocessing, time-based feature extraction, rolling averages, geospatial visualizations, and interactive graphics, all of which were integral to our analysis.
We used two primary data sources for our analysis, covering the years 2014 to 2020. The first is the ENTSO-E dataset, which provides time series data on electricity consumption across various European countries. The second is the DWD weather dataset, offering hourly temperature records for several German cities. In the sections below, we provide a detailed description of each dataset.
The ENTSO-E Time Series Dataset is commonly used in electricity market and power systems analysis. It typically contains hourly time series data from the European Network of Transmission System Operators for Electricity (ENTSO-E). This dataset contains the following key data fields:
df <- read_csv("time_series_60min_singleindex.csv") %>%
mutate(timestamp = ymd_hms(utc_timestamp))
knitr::kable(head(df, 10))| utc_timestamp | cet_cest_timestamp | AT_load_actual_entsoe_transparency | AT_load_forecast_entsoe_transparency | AT_price_day_ahead | AT_solar_generation_actual | AT_wind_onshore_generation_actual | BE_load_actual_entsoe_transparency | BE_load_forecast_entsoe_transparency | BE_solar_generation_actual | BE_wind_generation_actual | BE_wind_offshore_generation_actual | BE_wind_onshore_generation_actual | BG_load_actual_entsoe_transparency | BG_load_forecast_entsoe_transparency | BG_solar_generation_actual | BG_wind_onshore_generation_actual | CH_load_actual_entsoe_transparency | CH_load_forecast_entsoe_transparency | CH_solar_capacity | CH_solar_generation_actual | CH_wind_onshore_capacity | CH_wind_onshore_generation_actual | CY_load_actual_entsoe_transparency | CY_load_forecast_entsoe_transparency | CY_wind_onshore_generation_actual | CZ_load_actual_entsoe_transparency | CZ_load_forecast_entsoe_transparency | CZ_solar_generation_actual | CZ_wind_onshore_generation_actual | DE_load_actual_entsoe_transparency | DE_load_forecast_entsoe_transparency | DE_solar_capacity | DE_solar_generation_actual | DE_solar_profile | DE_wind_capacity | DE_wind_generation_actual | DE_wind_profile | DE_wind_offshore_capacity | DE_wind_offshore_generation_actual | DE_wind_offshore_profile | DE_wind_onshore_capacity | DE_wind_onshore_generation_actual | DE_wind_onshore_profile | DE_50hertz_load_actual_entsoe_transparency | DE_50hertz_load_forecast_entsoe_transparency | DE_50hertz_solar_generation_actual | DE_50hertz_wind_generation_actual | DE_50hertz_wind_offshore_generation_actual | DE_50hertz_wind_onshore_generation_actual | DE_LU_load_actual_entsoe_transparency | DE_LU_load_forecast_entsoe_transparency | DE_LU_price_day_ahead | DE_LU_solar_generation_actual | DE_LU_wind_generation_actual | DE_LU_wind_offshore_generation_actual | DE_LU_wind_onshore_generation_actual | DE_amprion_load_actual_entsoe_transparency | DE_amprion_load_forecast_entsoe_transparency | DE_amprion_solar_generation_actual | DE_amprion_wind_onshore_generation_actual | DE_tennet_load_actual_entsoe_transparency | DE_tennet_load_forecast_entsoe_transparency | DE_tennet_solar_generation_actual | DE_tennet_wind_generation_actual | DE_tennet_wind_offshore_generation_actual | DE_tennet_wind_onshore_generation_actual | DE_transnetbw_load_actual_entsoe_transparency | DE_transnetbw_load_forecast_entsoe_transparency | DE_transnetbw_solar_generation_actual | DE_transnetbw_wind_onshore_generation_actual | DK_load_actual_entsoe_transparency | DK_load_forecast_entsoe_transparency | DK_solar_capacity | DK_solar_generation_actual | DK_wind_capacity | DK_wind_generation_actual | DK_wind_offshore_capacity | DK_wind_offshore_generation_actual | DK_wind_onshore_capacity | DK_wind_onshore_generation_actual | DK_1_load_actual_entsoe_transparency | DK_1_load_forecast_entsoe_transparency | DK_1_price_day_ahead | DK_1_solar_generation_actual | DK_1_wind_generation_actual | DK_1_wind_offshore_generation_actual | DK_1_wind_onshore_generation_actual | DK_2_load_actual_entsoe_transparency | DK_2_load_forecast_entsoe_transparency | DK_2_price_day_ahead | DK_2_solar_generation_actual | DK_2_wind_generation_actual | DK_2_wind_offshore_generation_actual | DK_2_wind_onshore_generation_actual | EE_load_actual_entsoe_transparency | EE_load_forecast_entsoe_transparency | EE_solar_generation_actual | EE_wind_onshore_generation_actual | ES_load_actual_entsoe_transparency | ES_load_forecast_entsoe_transparency | ES_solar_generation_actual | ES_wind_onshore_generation_actual | FI_load_actual_entsoe_transparency | FI_load_forecast_entsoe_transparency | FI_wind_onshore_generation_actual | FR_load_actual_entsoe_transparency | FR_load_forecast_entsoe_transparency | FR_solar_generation_actual | FR_wind_onshore_generation_actual | GB_GBN_load_actual_entsoe_transparency | GB_GBN_load_forecast_entsoe_transparency | GB_GBN_price_day_ahead | GB_GBN_solar_capacity | GB_GBN_solar_generation_actual | GB_GBN_solar_profile | GB_GBN_wind_capacity | GB_GBN_wind_generation_actual | GB_GBN_wind_profile | GB_GBN_wind_offshore_capacity | GB_GBN_wind_offshore_generation_actual | GB_GBN_wind_offshore_profile | GB_GBN_wind_onshore_capacity | GB_GBN_wind_onshore_generation_actual | GB_GBN_wind_onshore_profile | GB_NIR_load_actual_entsoe_transparency | GB_NIR_load_forecast_entsoe_transparency | GB_NIR_solar_capacity | GB_NIR_wind_onshore_capacity | GB_NIR_wind_onshore_generation_actual | GB_UKM_load_actual_entsoe_transparency | GB_UKM_load_forecast_entsoe_transparency | GB_UKM_solar_capacity | GB_UKM_solar_generation_actual | GB_UKM_wind_capacity | GB_UKM_wind_generation_actual | GB_UKM_wind_offshore_capacity | GB_UKM_wind_offshore_generation_actual | GB_UKM_wind_onshore_capacity | GB_UKM_wind_onshore_generation_actual | GR_load_actual_entsoe_transparency | GR_load_forecast_entsoe_transparency | GR_solar_generation_actual | GR_wind_onshore_generation_actual | HR_load_actual_entsoe_transparency | HR_load_forecast_entsoe_transparency | HR_solar_generation_actual | HR_wind_onshore_generation_actual | HU_load_actual_entsoe_transparency | HU_load_forecast_entsoe_transparency | HU_solar_generation_actual | HU_wind_onshore_generation_actual | IE_load_actual_entsoe_transparency | IE_load_forecast_entsoe_transparency | IE_wind_onshore_generation_actual | IE_sem_load_actual_entsoe_transparency | IE_sem_load_forecast_entsoe_transparency | IE_sem_price_day_ahead | IE_sem_wind_onshore_generation_actual | IT_load_actual_entsoe_transparency | IT_load_forecast_entsoe_transparency | IT_solar_generation_actual | IT_wind_onshore_generation_actual | IT_BRNN_price_day_ahead | IT_BRNN_wind_onshore_generation_actual | IT_CNOR_load_actual_entsoe_transparency | IT_CNOR_load_forecast_entsoe_transparency | IT_CNOR_price_day_ahead | IT_CNOR_solar_generation_actual | IT_CNOR_wind_onshore_generation_actual | IT_CSUD_load_actual_entsoe_transparency | IT_CSUD_load_forecast_entsoe_transparency | IT_CSUD_price_day_ahead | IT_CSUD_solar_generation_actual | IT_CSUD_wind_onshore_generation_actual | IT_FOGN_price_day_ahead | IT_FOGN_solar_generation_actual | IT_FOGN_wind_onshore_generation_actual | IT_GR_price_day_ahead | IT_NORD_load_actual_entsoe_transparency | IT_NORD_load_forecast_entsoe_transparency | IT_NORD_price_day_ahead | IT_NORD_solar_generation_actual | IT_NORD_wind_onshore_generation_actual | IT_NORD_AT_price_day_ahead | IT_NORD_CH_price_day_ahead | IT_NORD_FR_price_day_ahead | IT_NORD_SI_price_day_ahead | IT_PRGP_price_day_ahead | IT_PRGP_solar_generation_actual | IT_PRGP_wind_onshore_generation_actual | IT_ROSN_price_day_ahead | IT_ROSN_solar_generation_actual | IT_ROSN_wind_onshore_generation_actual | IT_SACO_AC_price_day_ahead | IT_SACO_DC_price_day_ahead | IT_SARD_load_actual_entsoe_transparency | IT_SARD_load_forecast_entsoe_transparency | IT_SARD_price_day_ahead | IT_SARD_solar_generation_actual | IT_SARD_wind_onshore_generation_actual | IT_SICI_load_actual_entsoe_transparency | IT_SICI_load_forecast_entsoe_transparency | IT_SICI_price_day_ahead | IT_SICI_solar_generation_actual | IT_SICI_wind_onshore_generation_actual | IT_SUD_load_actual_entsoe_transparency | IT_SUD_load_forecast_entsoe_transparency | IT_SUD_price_day_ahead | IT_SUD_solar_generation_actual | IT_SUD_wind_onshore_generation_actual | LT_load_actual_entsoe_transparency | LT_load_forecast_entsoe_transparency | LT_solar_generation_actual | LT_wind_onshore_generation_actual | LU_load_actual_entsoe_transparency | LU_load_forecast_entsoe_transparency | LV_load_actual_entsoe_transparency | LV_load_forecast_entsoe_transparency | LV_wind_onshore_generation_actual | ME_load_actual_entsoe_transparency | ME_load_forecast_entsoe_transparency | ME_wind_onshore_generation_actual | NL_load_actual_entsoe_transparency | NL_load_forecast_entsoe_transparency | NL_solar_generation_actual | NL_wind_generation_actual | NL_wind_offshore_generation_actual | NL_wind_onshore_generation_actual | NO_load_actual_entsoe_transparency | NO_load_forecast_entsoe_transparency | NO_wind_onshore_generation_actual | NO_1_load_actual_entsoe_transparency | NO_1_load_forecast_entsoe_transparency | NO_1_price_day_ahead | NO_1_wind_onshore_generation_actual | NO_2_load_actual_entsoe_transparency | NO_2_load_forecast_entsoe_transparency | NO_2_price_day_ahead | NO_2_wind_onshore_generation_actual | NO_3_load_actual_entsoe_transparency | NO_3_load_forecast_entsoe_transparency | NO_3_price_day_ahead | NO_3_wind_onshore_generation_actual | NO_4_load_actual_entsoe_transparency | NO_4_load_forecast_entsoe_transparency | NO_4_price_day_ahead | NO_4_wind_onshore_generation_actual | NO_5_load_actual_entsoe_transparency | NO_5_load_forecast_entsoe_transparency | NO_5_price_day_ahead | NO_5_wind_onshore_generation_actual | PL_load_actual_entsoe_transparency | PL_load_forecast_entsoe_transparency | PL_solar_generation_actual | PL_wind_onshore_generation_actual | PT_load_actual_entsoe_transparency | PT_load_forecast_entsoe_transparency | PT_solar_generation_actual | PT_wind_generation_actual | PT_wind_offshore_generation_actual | PT_wind_onshore_generation_actual | RO_load_actual_entsoe_transparency | RO_load_forecast_entsoe_transparency | RO_solar_generation_actual | RO_wind_onshore_generation_actual | RS_load_actual_entsoe_transparency | RS_load_forecast_entsoe_transparency | SE_load_actual_entsoe_transparency | SE_load_forecast_entsoe_transparency | SE_wind_capacity | SE_wind_offshore_capacity | SE_wind_onshore_capacity | SE_wind_onshore_generation_actual | SE_1_load_actual_entsoe_transparency | SE_1_load_forecast_entsoe_transparency | SE_1_price_day_ahead | SE_1_wind_onshore_generation_actual | SE_2_load_actual_entsoe_transparency | SE_2_load_forecast_entsoe_transparency | SE_2_price_day_ahead | SE_2_wind_onshore_generation_actual | SE_3_load_actual_entsoe_transparency | SE_3_load_forecast_entsoe_transparency | SE_3_price_day_ahead | SE_3_wind_onshore_generation_actual | SE_4_load_actual_entsoe_transparency | SE_4_load_forecast_entsoe_transparency | SE_4_price_day_ahead | SE_4_wind_onshore_generation_actual | SI_load_actual_entsoe_transparency | SI_load_forecast_entsoe_transparency | SI_solar_generation_actual | SI_wind_onshore_generation_actual | SK_load_actual_entsoe_transparency | SK_load_forecast_entsoe_transparency | SK_solar_generation_actual | SK_wind_onshore_generation_actual | UA_load_actual_entsoe_transparency | UA_load_forecast_entsoe_transparency | timestamp |
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| 2014-12-31 23:00:00 | 2014-12-31 23:00:00 | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | 37248 | NA | NA | 27913 | NA | NA | 667 | NA | NA | 27246 | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | 2664 | NA | NA | 11554 | NA | NA | 4040 | NA | NA | 7514 | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | 659 | NA | NA | NA | 2664 | NA | 12212 | NA | 4040 | NA | 8173 | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | 2014-12-31 23:00:00 |
| 2015-01-01 00:00:00 | 2015-01-01 00:00:00 | 5946 | 6701 | 35 | NA | 69 | 9484 | 9897 | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | 455 | NA | 44 | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | 41151 | 39723 | 37248 | NA | NA | 27913 | 8852 | 0.3171 | 667 | 517 | 0.7744 | 27246 | 8336 | 0.3059 | 6839 | 7040 | NA | 4124 | 48 | 4076 | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | 15163 | 14618 | NA | 857 | 13841 | 13362 | NA | 3866 | 469 | 3398 | 5307 | 4703 | NA | 5 | NA | NA | 489 | NA | 4643 | NA | 1264 | NA | 3379 | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | 26758 | 32057 | NA | 2669 | NA | NA | 11555 | NA | NA | 4040 | NA | NA | 7516 | NA | NA | 849 | NA | NA | 659 | 385 | 27607 | NA | 2669 | NA | 12214 | NA | 4040 | NA | 8174 | 385 | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | 4037 | 3702 | NA | 14 | 2832 | 3550 | 1336 | 3681 | NA | NA | 1721 | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | 401 | 362 | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | 9401 | 8937 | NA | 1451 | 145 | 1306 | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | 4959 | 191 | 4767 | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| 2015-01-01 01:00:00 | 2015-01-01 01:00:00 | 5726 | 6593 | 45 | NA | 64 | 9152 | 9521 | NA | 734.81 | 518.66 | 216.15 | 4585 | NA | NA | 479 | 7640.14 | 7696.04 | 455 | 0.05 | 44 | 14.00 | NA | NA | NA | 5957.57 | 5987 | NA | 38.48 | 40135 | 38813 | 37248 | NA | NA | 27913 | 9054 | 0.3244 | 667 | 514 | 0.7710 | 27246 | 8540 | 0.3134 | 6955 | 7040 | NA | 4280 | 48 | 4232 | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | 14826 | 14353 | NA | 794 | 13267 | 12858 | NA | 3974 | 466 | 3508 | 5087 | 4562 | NA | 7 | 3100.02 | 3126.8 | 489 | NA | 4643 | 2357.33 | 1264 | 902.71 | 3379 | 1454.62 | 1794.96 | 1784.9 | 16.04 | NA | 1774.05 | 567.07 | 1206.98 | 1305.06 | 1341.9 | 16.04 | NA | 583.28 | 335.64 | 247.64 | 764.7 | 676.4 | 0.1 | 46.1 | 22734 | 23515 | 50 | 5461 | 8735.4 | 8667.72 | 250.02 | 69773 | 69750 | NA | 1464 | 27166 | 31738 | NA | 2669 | NA | NA | 11555 | 782 | 0.0676 | 4040 | 117 | 0.0290 | 7516 | 664 | 0.0884 | 782 | NA | NA | 659 | 376 | 27948 | NA | 2669 | NA | 12214 | 1148 | 4040 | 117 | 8174 | 1041 | 5226.83 | 5550 | NA | 555 | 1812 | 1856 | NA | NA | 3755 | 3437 | NA | 15 | 2678 | 3332 | 1271 | 3460 | NA | NA | 1647 | 21534 | 22419 | NA | NA | NA | NA | 2231 | 2448 | NA | NA | NA | 4201 | 4312 | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | 10284 | 10565 | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | 861 | 848 | NA | NA | NA | 1767 | 1792 | NA | NA | NA | 2190 | 2454 | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | 383 | 346 | 645 | 630 | 13 | 452.52 | NA | NA | 8957 | 8608 | NA | 1447 | 145 | 1302 | 15104.99 | 15104.75 | 479.40 | 4552.10 | 4535.71 | 26.93 | NA | 4038.69 | 4065.77 | 26.93 | 158.6 | 2307.45 | 2383.21 | 27.98 | 233.53 | 2078.44 | 2098.16 | 27.98 | 68.67 | 2128.31 | 2021.90 | 26.93 | 18.6 | 13979.46 | NA | NA | 1444.43 | 5123.9 | 4820 | NA | NA | NA | 551.0 | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | 14485 | 13614 | 4959 | 191 | 4767 | NA | 1092 | 993 | 19.33 | NA | 1835 | 1653 | 19.33 | NA | 9277 | 8308 | 19.33 | NA | 2281 | 2660 | 19.33 | NA | 1045.47 | 816 | NA | 1.17 | 2728 | 2860 | 3.8 | NA | NA | NA | 2015-01-01 01:00:00 |
| 2015-01-01 02:00:00 | 2015-01-01 02:00:00 | 5347 | 6482 | 41 | NA | 65 | 8799 | 9135 | NA | 766.64 | 529.46 | 237.18 | 4440 | NA | NA | 465 | 7391.44 | 7447.53 | 455 | 0.07 | 44 | 12.80 | NA | NA | NA | 5878.87 | 5845 | NA | 56.20 | 39106 | 38490 | 37248 | NA | NA | 27913 | 9070 | 0.3249 | 667 | 518 | 0.7761 | 27246 | 8552 | 0.3139 | 7094 | 7263 | NA | 4042 | 48 | 3994 | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | 14405 | 14098 | NA | 826 | 12702 | 12611 | NA | 4194 | 470 | 3724 | 4906 | 4517 | NA | 8 | 2980.39 | 3019.0 | 489 | NA | 4643 | 2387.35 | 1264 | 830.87 | 3379 | 1556.48 | 1744.76 | 1734.5 | 14.60 | NA | 1902.23 | 549.83 | 1352.40 | 1235.63 | 1284.5 | 14.60 | NA | 485.12 | 281.04 | 204.08 | 749.8 | 664.5 | 0.1 | 51.1 | 21286 | 22642 | 50 | 5238 | 8626.4 | 8612.74 | 264.08 | 66417 | 66300 | NA | 1543 | 24472 | 30690 | NA | 2669 | NA | NA | 11555 | 785 | 0.0680 | 4040 | 120 | 0.0296 | 7516 | 666 | 0.0886 | 738 | NA | NA | 659 | 354 | 25210 | NA | 2669 | NA | 12214 | 1139 | 4040 | 120 | 8174 | 1020 | 4987.34 | 5251 | NA | 557 | 1712 | 1759 | NA | NA | 3510 | 3264 | NA | 11 | 2432 | 3048 | 1244 | 3171 | NA | NA | 1598 | 20219 | 21020 | NA | NA | NA | NA | 2089 | 2311 | NA | NA | NA | 3894 | 4005 | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | 9752 | 9895 | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | 828 | 824 | NA | NA | NA | 1612 | 1686 | NA | NA | NA | 2044 | 2299 | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | 370 | 334 | 629 | 614 | 15 | 416.46 | NA | NA | 8462 | 8462 | NA | 1479 | 148 | 1331 | 14882.56 | 14882.51 | 422.74 | 4469.26 | 4453.10 | 26.83 | NA | 3955.79 | 4003.77 | 26.83 | 149.2 | 2272.86 | 2355.07 | 27.94 | 200.27 | 2037.06 | 2045.62 | 27.94 | 54.67 | 2147.59 | 2024.95 | 26.83 | 18.6 | 13453.78 | NA | NA | 1509.14 | 4771.1 | 4521 | NA | NA | NA | 596.5 | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | 14298 | 13502 | 4959 | 191 | 4767 | NA | 1059 | 991 | 17.66 | NA | 1794 | 1711 | 17.66 | NA | 9132 | 8194 | 17.66 | NA | 2313 | 2606 | 17.66 | NA | 1004.79 | 805 | NA | 1.04 | 2626 | 2810 | 3.8 | NA | NA | NA | 2015-01-01 02:00:00 |
| 2015-01-01 03:00:00 | 2015-01-01 03:00:00 | 5249 | 6454 | 38 | NA | 64 | 8567 | 8909 | NA | 733.13 | 406.94 | 326.19 | 4418 | NA | NA | 460 | 7332.57 | 7381.67 | 455 | 0.07 | 44 | 13.73 | NA | NA | NA | 5827.80 | 5786 | NA | 71.21 | 38765 | 38644 | 37248 | NA | NA | 27913 | 9163 | 0.3283 | 667 | 520 | 0.7793 | 27246 | 8643 | 0.3172 | 7364 | 7600 | NA | 3855 | 46 | 3808 | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | 14083 | 13953 | NA | 852 | 12452 | 12490 | NA | 4446 | 473 | 3973 | 4865 | 4601 | NA | 11 | 2933.49 | 2976.3 | 489 | NA | 4643 | 2594.47 | 1264 | 915.43 | 3379 | 1679.04 | 1743.17 | 1734.0 | 14.95 | NA | 2123.97 | 660.47 | 1463.50 | 1190.32 | 1242.3 | 14.95 | NA | 470.50 | 254.96 | 215.54 | 746.5 | 672.0 | 0.1 | 56.1 | 20264 | 21785 | 42 | 4935 | 8674.1 | 8685.00 | 274.47 | 64182 | 63250 | NA | 1579 | 23003 | 28442 | NA | 2669 | NA | NA | 11555 | 776 | 0.0672 | 4040 | 115 | 0.0284 | 7516 | 662 | 0.0880 | 690 | NA | NA | 659 | 277 | 23693 | NA | 2669 | NA | 12214 | 1053 | 4040 | 115 | 8174 | 938 | 4879.48 | 5050 | NA | 559 | 1646 | 1704 | NA | NA | 3427 | 3195 | NA | 9 | 2276 | 2830 | 1162 | 2966 | NA | NA | 1439 | 19470 | 19903 | NA | NA | NA | NA | 2032 | 2169 | NA | NA | NA | 3688 | 3777 | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | 9446 | 9396 | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | 796 | 812 | NA | NA | NA | 1560 | 1593 | NA | NA | NA | 1948 | 2156 | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | 364 | 326 | 631 | 616 | 15 | 399.46 | NA | NA | 8156 | 8500 | NA | 1340 | 134 | 1206 | 14755.09 | 14755.00 | 408.35 | 4442.35 | 4425.76 | 26.81 | NA | 3900.05 | 3947.79 | 26.81 | 143.5 | 2285.79 | 2351.98 | 27.95 | 192.22 | 2012.77 | 2033.02 | 27.95 | 54.03 | 2114.13 | 1996.45 | 26.81 | 18.6 | 13306.00 | NA | NA | 1548.33 | 4443.5 | 4250 | NA | NA | NA | 706.3 | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | 14249 | 13494 | 4959 | 191 | 4767 | NA | 1019 | 988 | 17.53 | NA | 1775 | 1691 | 17.53 | NA | 9083 | 8215 | 17.53 | NA | 2372 | 2600 | 17.53 | NA | 983.79 | 803 | NA | 1.61 | 2618 | 2780 | 3.8 | NA | NA | NA | 2015-01-01 03:00:00 |
| 2015-01-01 04:00:00 | 2015-01-01 04:00:00 | 5309 | 6609 | 35 | NA | 64 | 8487 | 8806 | NA | 730.99 | 413.49 | 317.50 | 4393 | NA | NA | 468 | 7002.08 | 7047.47 | 455 | 0.07 | 44 | 10.12 | NA | NA | NA | 5730.89 | 5711 | NA | 72.45 | 38941 | 38773 | 37248 | NA | NA | 27913 | 9231 | 0.3307 | 667 | 520 | 0.7790 | 27246 | 8712 | 0.3197 | 7992 | 8186 | NA | 3753 | 46 | 3707 | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | 13810 | 13604 | NA | 800 | 12454 | 12464 | NA | 4671 | 474 | 4198 | 4685 | 4519 | NA | 6 | 2941.54 | 2982.5 | 489 | 0.01 | 4643 | 3092.01 | 1264 | 1056.28 | 3379 | 2035.73 | 1751.47 | 1753.1 | 14.50 | 0.01 | 2525.12 | 743.59 | 1781.53 | 1190.07 | 1229.4 | 14.50 | NA | 566.89 | 312.69 | 254.20 | 754.6 | 691.7 | 0.1 | 52.9 | 19905 | 21441 | 34 | 4618 | 8845.3 | 8865.46 | 286.70 | 63859 | 61500 | NA | 1482 | 21832 | 25978 | NA | 2669 | NA | NA | 11555 | 773 | 0.0669 | 4040 | 114 | 0.0281 | 7516 | 659 | 0.0877 | 644 | NA | NA | 659 | 275 | 22476 | NA | 2669 | NA | 12214 | 1048 | 4040 | 114 | 8174 | 934 | 4909.53 | 5100 | NA | 597 | 1657 | 1674 | NA | NA | 3438 | 3236 | NA | 6 | 2173 | 2672 | 1182 | 2817 | NA | NA | 1457 | 19485 | 19565 | NA | NA | NA | NA | 2014 | 2111 | NA | NA | NA | 3637 | 3634 | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | 9588 | 9282 | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | 787 | 817 | NA | NA | NA | 1519 | 1567 | NA | NA | NA | 1940 | 2154 | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | 354 | 320 | 644 | 633 | 17 | 393.89 | NA | NA | 8126 | 8880 | NA | 1402 | 140 | 1262 | 14903.03 | 14903.00 | 415.94 | 4487.52 | 4463.79 | 26.97 | NA | 3914.78 | 3974.58 | 26.97 | 149.1 | 2333.07 | 2390.53 | 28.07 | 192.10 | 2036.84 | 2069.85 | 28.07 | 56.14 | 2130.82 | 2004.25 | 26.97 | 18.6 | 13175.58 | NA | NA | 1618.57 | 4234.9 | 4083 | NA | NA | NA | 720.5 | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | 14268 | 13707 | 4959 | 191 | 4767 | NA | 990 | 992 | 18.07 | NA | 1752 | 1721 | 18.07 | NA | 9102 | 8352 | 18.07 | NA | 2424 | 2642 | 18.07 | NA | 998.67 | 824 | NA | 1.60 | 2626 | 2790 | 3.8 | NA | NA | NA | 2015-01-01 04:00:00 |
| 2015-01-01 05:00:00 | 2015-01-01 05:00:00 | 5574 | 6543 | 35 | NA | 84 | 8428 | 8805 | NA | 820.66 | 549.60 | 271.06 | 4441 | NA | NA | 460 | 7043.26 | 7086.59 | 455 | 0.07 | 44 | 12.17 | NA | NA | NA | 5668.53 | 5722 | NA | 75.14 | 39045 | 37247 | 37248 | NA | NA | 27913 | 9689 | 0.3471 | 667 | 521 | 0.7815 | 27246 | 9167 | 0.3365 | 9104 | 7992 | NA | 3774 | 48 | 3726 | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | 13396 | 12919 | NA | 949 | 12078 | 12020 | NA | 4963 | 473 | 4490 | 4466 | 4316 | NA | 2 | 2999.89 | 3025.3 | 489 | 0.01 | 4643 | 3270.63 | 1264 | 1068.07 | 3379 | 2202.56 | 1767.16 | 1771.0 | 10.76 | 0.01 | 2636.25 | 728.79 | 1907.46 | 1232.73 | 1254.3 | 10.76 | NA | 634.38 | 339.28 | 295.10 | 771.2 | 712.5 | 0.1 | 68.0 | 20010 | 21285 | 34 | 4397 | 8877.0 | 8888.62 | 264.30 | 63921 | 60850 | NA | 1387 | 21184 | 24645 | NA | 2669 | NA | NA | 11555 | 766 | 0.0662 | 4040 | 109 | 0.0271 | 7516 | 656 | 0.0874 | 608 | NA | NA | 659 | 270 | 21792 | NA | 2669 | NA | 12214 | 1036 | 4040 | 109 | 8174 | 926 | 4950.78 | 5002 | NA | 608 | 1683 | 1683 | NA | NA | 3497 | 3272 | NA | 5 | 2136 | 2570 | 1313 | 2744 | NA | NA | 1583 | 20349 | 20539 | NA | NA | NA | NA | 2063 | 2272 | NA | NA | NA | 3705 | 3734 | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | 10165 | 9878 | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | 807 | 861 | NA | NA | NA | 1508 | 1586 | NA | NA | NA | 2101 | 2208 | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | 300 | 285 | 652 | 648 | 16 | 393.52 | NA | NA | 8292 | 9995 | NA | 1742 | 174 | 1568 | 15130.74 | 15129.76 | 378.65 | 4646.16 | 4617.91 | 27.07 | NA | 3971.86 | 4039.56 | 27.07 | 152.6 | 2338.56 | 2406.97 | 28.39 | 157.58 | 2036.36 | 2064.47 | 28.39 | 49.87 | 2137.80 | 2000.85 | 27.07 | 18.6 | 13165.11 | NA | NA | 1660.39 | 4118.2 | 3981 | NA | NA | NA | 764.7 | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | 14655 | 14008 | 4959 | 191 | 4767 | NA | 1045 | 997 | 25.23 | NA | 1862 | 1736 | 25.23 | NA | 9353 | 8570 | 25.23 | NA | 2395 | 2705 | 25.23 | NA | 1045.17 | 886 | NA | 0.00 | 2641 | 2830 | 3.8 | NA | NA | NA | 2015-01-01 05:00:00 |
| 2015-01-01 06:00:00 | 2015-01-01 06:00:00 | 5925 | 6851 | 36 | NA | 131 | 8122 | 8651 | NA | 940.12 | 616.17 | 323.95 | 4637 | NA | NA | 432 | 6836.73 | 6869.99 | 455 | 0.07 | 44 | 16.85 | NA | NA | NA | 5600.76 | 5713 | NA | 76.82 | 40206 | 40371 | 37248 | NA | NA | 27913 | 10331 | 0.3701 | 667 | 520 | 0.7801 | 27246 | 9811 | 0.3601 | 10218 | 10227 | NA | 4054 | 48 | 4006 | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | 13312 | 13176 | NA | 1298 | 12267 | 12527 | NA | 4974 | 472 | 4501 | 4411 | 4442 | NA | 6 | 3176.80 | 3124.6 | 489 | 0.01 | 4643 | 3502.55 | 1264 | 1141.11 | 3379 | 2361.44 | 1903.30 | 1837.1 | 12.01 | 0.01 | 2864.04 | 790.55 | 2073.49 | 1273.50 | 1287.5 | 12.01 | NA | 638.51 | 350.56 | 287.95 | 788.5 | 723.4 | 0.1 | 79.5 | 20377 | 21545 | 35 | 3992 | 9043.7 | 9015.80 | 262.72 | 64117 | 60450 | NA | 1583 | 20834 | 25096 | NA | 2669 | NA | NA | 11555 | 763 | 0.0660 | 4040 | 106 | 0.0262 | 7516 | 658 | 0.0875 | 600 | NA | NA | 659 | 286 | 21434 | NA | 2669 | NA | 12214 | 1049 | 4040 | 106 | 8174 | 943 | 5132.31 | 5193 | 48 | 621 | 1665 | 1641 | NA | NA | 3546 | 3346 | NA | 3 | 2166 | 2550 | 1484 | 2766 | NA | NA | 1769 | 20715 | 20815 | NA | NA | NA | NA | 2086 | 2322 | NA | NA | NA | 3762 | 3774 | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | 10498 | 10060 | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | 840 | 902 | NA | NA | NA | 1504 | 1550 | NA | NA | NA | 2025 | 2207 | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | 308 | 281 | 655 | 665 | 18 | 401.68 | NA | NA | 8638 | 11882 | NA | 1698 | 170 | 1528 | 15414.52 | 15414.51 | 329.20 | 4788.48 | 4752.04 | 26.80 | NA | 4024.11 | 4077.35 | 26.80 | 148.9 | 2353.71 | 2457.16 | 28.48 | 124.24 | 2116.42 | 2113.16 | 28.48 | 37.46 | 2131.80 | 2014.80 | 26.80 | 18.6 | 13029.75 | NA | NA | 1786.57 | 4073.8 | 3940 | NA | NA | NA | 725.7 | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | 14994 | 14292 | 4959 | 191 | 4767 | NA | 1066 | 996 | 26.80 | NA | 1872 | 1776 | 26.80 | NA | 9567 | 8754 | 26.80 | NA | 2489 | 2766 | 26.80 | NA | 1085.06 | 985 | NA | 0.00 | 2622 | 2790 | 3.8 | NA | NA | NA | 2015-01-01 06:00:00 |
| 2015-01-01 07:00:00 | 2015-01-01 07:00:00 | 6343 | 7061 | 36 | 2 | 109 | 8179 | 8674 | NA | 1087.66 | 627.60 | 460.06 | 4834 | NA | 234 | 316 | 6616.56 | 6649.63 | 455 | 0.23 | 44 | 13.82 | NA | NA | NA | 5651.05 | 5652 | 8.04 | 75.86 | 41133 | 42522 | 37248 | 71 | 0.0019 | 27913 | 10208 | 0.3657 | 667 | 525 | 0.7874 | 27246 | 9683 | 0.3554 | 10685 | 10630 | 52 | 3927 | 48 | 3879 | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | 13583 | 14040 | 14 | 1394 | 12569 | 13216 | 15 | 4885 | 477 | 4408 | 4295 | 4636 | 8 | 2 | 3292.27 | 3249.1 | 489 | 0.03 | 4643 | 3706.07 | 1264 | 1162.82 | 3379 | 2543.25 | 1985.32 | 1924.0 | 12.39 | 0.01 | 3041.48 | 809.21 | 2232.27 | 1306.95 | 1325.1 | 12.39 | NA | 664.59 | 353.61 | 310.98 | 790.7 | 735.4 | 0.1 | 82.3 | 20094 | 21443 | 54 | 3629 | 8994.2 | 9058.75 | 261.46 | 63861 | 60150 | NA | 1814 | 21890 | 25534 | NA | 2669 | NA | NA | 11555 | 778 | 0.0673 | 4040 | 111 | 0.0274 | 7516 | 668 | 0.0888 | 612 | NA | NA | 659 | 287 | 22502 | NA | 2669 | NA | 12214 | 1065 | 4040 | 111 | 8174 | 955 | 5738.70 | 5775 | 207 | 633 | 1778 | 1701 | NA | NA | 3671 | 3447 | NA | 2 | 2215 | 2566 | 1525 | 2826 | NA | NA | 1812 | 21092 | 21117 | NA | NA | NA | NA | 2127 | 2327 | NA | NA | NA | 3960 | 4280 | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | 10277 | 9819 | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | 876 | 942 | NA | NA | NA | 1681 | 1731 | NA | NA | NA | 2171 | 2018 | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | 302 | 283 | 657 | 682 | 17 | 433.40 | NA | NA | 8927 | 13240 | NA | 1521 | 152 | 1369 | 15567.09 | 15567.50 | 328.49 | 4839.80 | 4804.72 | 26.97 | NA | 4096.00 | 4157.11 | 26.97 | 158.2 | 2323.94 | 2442.01 | 28.47 | 102.67 | 2148.27 | 2127.86 | 28.47 | 49.02 | 2159.08 | 2035.80 | 26.97 | 18.6 | 12945.35 | NA | NA | 1866.69 | 3920.8 | 3797 | NA | NA | NA | 865.8 | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | 15163 | 14554 | 4959 | 191 | 4767 | NA | 1033 | 1025 | 26.97 | NA | 1908 | 1833 | 26.97 | NA | 9629 | 8911 | 26.97 | NA | 2593 | 2785 | 26.97 | NA | 1142.36 | 1109 | NA | 0.00 | 2691 | 2980 | 3.9 | NA | NA | NA | 2015-01-01 07:00:00 |
| 2015-01-01 08:00:00 | 2015-01-01 08:00:00 | 6882 | 7233 | 41 | 10 | 146 | 8340 | 9037 | 92.66 | 1146.20 | 644.52 | 501.68 | 4983 | NA | 445 | 272 | 6559.91 | 6593.35 | 455 | 2.10 | 44 | 9.59 | NA | NA | NA | 6114.63 | 6074 | 22.04 | 86.07 | 42963 | 45020 | 37248 | 773 | 0.0207 | 27913 | 10029 | 0.3593 | 667 | 527 | 0.7907 | 27246 | 9502 | 0.3487 | 10620 | 10704 | 267 | 3965 | 48 | 3917 | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | 14548 | 15175 | 272 | 1187 | 13154 | 14099 | 175 | 4876 | 479 | 4397 | 4640 | 5042 | 60 | 1 | 3378.64 | 3434.4 | 489 | 1.50 | 4643 | 3847.48 | 1264 | 1190.68 | 3379 | 2656.80 | 2015.15 | 2038.5 | 14.04 | 0.83 | 3137.93 | 814.19 | 2323.74 | 1363.49 | 1395.9 | 14.04 | 0.67 | 709.55 | 376.49 | 333.06 | 827.5 | 761.9 | 0.1 | 90.3 | 20637 | 21560 | 743 | 3073 | 9074.1 | 9106.51 | 240.68 | 64277 | 59950 | 385 | 1936 | 23137 | 26746 | NA | 2669 | NA | NA | 11555 | 820 | 0.0710 | 4040 | 127 | 0.0315 | 7516 | 693 | 0.0922 | 648 | NA | NA | 659 | 298 | 23784 | NA | 2669 | NA | 12214 | 1118 | 4040 | 127 | 8174 | 991 | 6471.00 | 6418 | 400 | 617 | 1951 | 1862 | NA | NA | 3877 | 3665 | NA | 2 | 2237 | 2515 | 1469 | 2885 | NA | NA | 1767 | 22776 | 23205 | NA | NA | NA | NA | 2258 | 2496 | NA | NA | NA | 4446 | 4943 | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | 10618 | 10400 | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | 941 | 1072 | NA | NA | NA | 1996 | 2135 | NA | NA | NA | 2517 | 2159 | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | 300 | 288 | 688 | 705 | 21 | 468.63 | NA | NA | 9312 | 13817 | 40 | 1509 | 151 | 1358 | 15852.32 | 15851.76 | 320.45 | 4929.96 | 4886.89 | 26.98 | NA | 4182.63 | 4268.19 | 26.98 | 165.3 | 2350.64 | 2478.21 | 28.49 | 93.38 | 2156.60 | 2132.67 | 28.49 | 43.17 | 2232.49 | 2085.80 | 26.98 | 18.6 | 13454.68 | NA | NA | 1891.92 | 3883.8 | 3769 | 50.9 | NA | NA | 844.5 | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | 15167 | 14734 | 4959 | 191 | 4767 | NA | 1010 | 1037 | 26.29 | NA | 1883 | 1867 | 26.29 | NA | 9733 | 9014 | 26.29 | NA | 2541 | 2816 | 26.29 | NA | 1206.03 | 1209 | 4.97 | 0.00 | 2794 | 3070 | 8.0 | NA | NA | NA | 2015-01-01 08:00:00 |
Each field is typically labeled using a standard naming convention, such as ‘DE_load_actual_entsoe_transparency’ or ‘FR_solar_generation_actual’, where the prefix represents the country.
The DWD dataset refers to meteorological data provided by the Deutscher Wetterdienst (DWD) — the German National Meteorological Service. It offers a wide range of weather and climate data for Germany, and it’s commonly used in energy modeling, climate research, agriculture, hydrology, and environmental monitoring. For this analysis, we used hourly meteorological data from five major German cities: Berlin, Frankfurt, Munich, Cologne, and Hamburg. This dataset contains the informations such as:
| timestamp | berlin_temp | hamburg_temp | munich_temp | cologne_temp | frankfurt_temp | temp_avg |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2014-12-31 23:00:00 | 5.1 | 4.0 | -1.2 | 5.1 | 0.2 | 2.64 |
| 2015-01-01 00:00:00 | 5.2 | 4.0 | -1.3 | 5.2 | -0.5 | 2.52 |
| 2015-01-01 01:00:00 | 5.1 | 4.1 | -1.6 | 5.1 | -0.3 | 2.48 |
| 2015-01-01 02:00:00 | 4.8 | 3.5 | -1.9 | 4.8 | -0.3 | 2.18 |
| 2015-01-01 03:00:00 | 4.8 | 3.3 | -3.2 | 4.8 | -0.4 | 1.86 |
| 2015-01-01 04:00:00 | 4.4 | 3.1 | -3.3 | 4.4 | -0.2 | 1.68 |
| 2015-01-01 05:00:00 | 3.7 | 3.5 | -4.3 | 3.7 | -0.2 | 1.28 |
| 2015-01-01 06:00:00 | 3.5 | 3.5 | -4.5 | 3.5 | -1.4 | 0.92 |
| 2015-01-01 07:00:00 | 3.6 | 3.1 | -3.9 | 3.6 | -0.6 | 1.16 |
| 2015-01-01 08:00:00 | 3.5 | 2.0 | -4.7 | 3.5 | -0.6 | 0.74 |
To ensure the quality, consistency, and readiness of the data for analysis, we applied a comprehensive preprocessing pipeline to both the electricity time series dataset and the weather dataset. This step was crucial for enabling accurate temporal comparisons and robust visualizations. The following preprocessing actions were carried out:
In the sections below, we address the key analytical questions through a series of data visualizations. Each plot is designed to highlight specific patterns, trends, or relationships within the electricity and weather datasets.
The choropleth map below visualizes the average electricity load (in megawatts) across European countries. The values were aggregated over the full time period and mapped using color intensity: